The bulk density, organic matter content and soil water-retention characteristics of twenty-one afforested former agricultural peat soils were studied. Soil samples were collected from 5-10 cm, 15-20 cm, 25-30 cm and 35-40 cm soil layers. The studied soils' physical properties differed from those of undrained peatlands and peatlands drained for forestry mainly due to the mixing of mineral soil with the peat during cultivation. In the case of thick peat soils (peat layer >30 cm), the bulk density was at a maximum (0.37 g cm-3) and the organic matter content at a minimum (54%) in the uppermost soil layer. In the case of shallow peat soils (peat layer <30 cm), bulk density increased and organic matter content decreased with increasing soil depth. In thick peat soils, total porosity and water retention at selected matric potentials were at their highest in the lowermost soil layer while in shallow peat soils, the uppermost soil layer possessed the highest total porosity and water retention. Most of the water was retained within the range -100 to -1500 kPa in both soil types. This indicated that small pores were predominant. Air-filled porosity at -10 kPa matric potential (about field capacity) was, on average, 16% in thick peat soils and 17% in shallow peat soils in the uppermost soil layer and decreased with increasing soil depth. The results suggest that the physical properties were generally rather unfavourable for adequate soil aeration and water availability as needed for satisfactory tree growth.
Key words: bulk density, organic matter, peat fields, soil aeration, water retention
Antti Wall, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station,
Box 44, FIN-69101 Kannus, Finland
(e-mail antti.wall@metla.fi)
Juha Heiskanen, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Suonenjoki Research
Station, FIN-77600 Suonenjoki, Finland
The impact of precipitation on the water table level of different complexes on an ombrotrophic raised bog during a year (long-term effect) and a rain shower (short-term effect) was investigated on the basis of the data collected in the Männikjärve raised bog, Central Estonia, over the period of 1956-1991. The regression analysis showed that the effect of precipitation on the mean annual level of the water table depended on the bog complex and time-span considered. In the long-term scale the mean annual water table level depended strongly on the water table level of the previous year. The yearly amount of precipitation affected the water table level of the current year less. These effects were greater in the central pool-ridge complex than in the marginal pine bog forest. On the short-term scale, prerainfall water level affected the water level rise less than the amount of rainfall. The water level rise depended on the prerainfall water level in the central part of the bog (R2 = 0.22), but not in the marginal pine bog forest (R2 = 0.04). The effect of rainfall was of greater importance, explaining as much as 67-75% of the variation in the water level rise.
Key words: precipitation, raised bog, water table level
Ülle Valgma, Institute of Ecology, Kevade St. 2, Tallinn, EE 0001, Estonia (e-mail ylle@eco.edu.ee)
Various types of peatlands are present in Wallony: raised bogs, oligotrophic and rich fens, wet heaths, marshy woodlands. Many areas have been degraded by past and recent human activities. Much attention is now devoted to their protection, scientific study and ecological management. Besides their exceptional biological and ecological interest, they are among the last natural spaces in a very urbanised country like Belgium.
Key words: Belgium, ecological management, peatlands, Wallony
JP. Frankard & P. Ghiette, Centre scientifique de la Région
Wallonne, c/o Station scientifique des Hautes-Fagnes, rue de Botrange,
137, B-4950 Robertville, Belgium.
M.-N. Hindryckx, R. Schumacker & C. Wastiaux, Université
de Liège, Station scientifique des Hautes-Fagnes, rue de Botrange,
137, B-4950 Robertville, Belgium.
The effects of pellets made of wood ash and of ash
mixed with other wastes (composted mink dung, composted municipal sewage
sludge, dung from stomachs of slaughtered animals) on the growth and nutrition
of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) seedlings was studied in a greenhouse
experiment. Seedlings were grown in peat soil originating from a drained
dwarf-shrub pine bog, peat soil from an afforested field, and in mineral
soil. The pellets were applied in varying doses (0, 6, 12, 24, 48 t ha-1).
When applied at the rate of 24 t ha-1,
also the effect of pelletizing was studied. The pellets promoted the growth
of the seedlings depending on the waste used, growing medium, and
the application amount. The pellets containing the highest amounts of nitrogen
had the effect of increasing growth most of all. As compared with the unpelletized-waste
treatment, the use of pelletized waste material decreased seedling growth.
This was probably due to the reduced solubility of the nutrients contained
by the waste material when presented in pelletized form. Pellets increased
the foliar nutrient concentrations of many elements depending on the waste
used, the growing medium, and the application amount.
key words: Fertilization, pelletized wastes, wood ash, mink
dung, municipal sewage sludge, silver birch
Jyrki Hytönen, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus
Research Station, P.O. Box 44, FIN-69101 Kannus, Finland
(e-mail jyrki.hytonen@metla.fi)
Drainage of pristine mires has been discontinued in
Finland and now drainage activity focuses on remedial treatment of old
ditch networks on transformed drained mires. In the era of first-time drainage,
uniform regulations were applied in the dimensioning of ditches. Also the
current national recommendations pertaining to remedial drainage and the
dimensioning of ditches corresponds to the old regulations applied in first-time
drainage. However, regional organizations have their own directives, and
accordingly ditch depths show considerable regional variation. The purpose
of this paper is to look for answers to questions which have arisen already
some years ago, especially among practitioners responsible for forest-improvement
works in non-industrial, private woodlots: Can the service life of ditch
networks be increased by means of ditches which are deeper than those implemented
at the time of first-time drainage and will this also result in a reduced
impact on water ecosystems by reducing the number of remedial actions needed
? Is ditch depth in old, well-stocked drainage areas a more important factor
than ditch spacing in controlling the drainage depth?
The paper presents the results of a study to assess
the profitability of ditch-network maintenance on some oligotrophic pine
mires. The alternative ditch-network maintenance methods compared were:
ditch cleaning, complementary ditching, and ditch cleaning and complementrary
ditching combined. Nine drained pine-dominated mires were chosen for investigation.
Only the ditch-network maintenance costs were included in the calculations.
Profitability was calculated for two cases: 1) the forest owner pays all
the costs and 2) he obtains the maximum state grant. Without the state
grant ditch-network maintenance provided a net present value of 870 FIM
ha-1 with a 3 % rate of interest, of 220
FIM ha-1 with the 5 % rate of interest,
and on internal rate of return of 5 %. With the state grant the results
were: 1620 FIM ha-1, 970 FIM ha-1
and 10%, respectively. The conclusions were that in most cases ditch-network
maintenance is profitable even without state grant. By using 3 % and 5
% interest rates, the complementary ditching and combination provided similar
profitability, specially when the state grants were provided. Using the
IRR criterion, the complementary ditching provided the best profit.
key words: forest drainage, internal rate of return, net present
value, Scots pine
Leena A. Hytönen, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus
Research Station, P.O. Box 44, FIN-69101 Kannus, Finland
(e-mail leena.hytonen@metla.fi)
Factors affecting the need for ditch network maintenance
in northern Finland were studied. In addition, the effect of ditch network
maintenance on stand growth was estimated. A dataset containing ditch,
tree stand, site type and climate variables was built up on the basis of
the permanent sample plots (SINKA) on peatlands. Regression analysis as
well as discriminant analysis were used to identify factors and criteria
that could be used to identify sites that would respond to ditch network
maintenance. Instead of the ditch condition class, ditch age and depth
proved to be the variables reflecting the need for ditch network maintenance.
The volume of the tree stand was influenced the most by the temperature
sum and age of ditching. Stand volume growth was influenced the most by
the volume of the tree stand. The site type index or the volume of the
tree stand did not give useful information for the planning of ditch network
maintenance. When ditch age was 10-40 years, complementary ditching increased
annual stand growth of pine mires by 0.6-1.0 and 1.5-1.9 m3
ha-1
a-1 on spruce-birch swamps.
key words: forest drainage, ditch cleaning, complementary drainage,
tree stand, stand growth, decision making
Risto Lauhanen, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research
Station, FIN-39700 Parkano, Finland
(e-mail risto.lauhanen@metla.fi)
The nutrient concentrations of the water percolating
through fertilised peat cores were investigated in a greenhouse experiment.
The nutrient concentrations in the peat cores were also determined before
and after the experiment. The fertiliser treatments were 500 kg ha-1
of PK peatland fertiliser, 5 000 and 25 000 kg ha-1
of birch ash, and an unfertilised control. The cores were watered on three
occasions after application of the fertilisers. The percolation water collected
from the fertilised cores contained significantly more nutrients than the
control. The total amounts of leached nutrients were equivalent to 0.01
- 20.1 % of the nutrients in the peat cores, K clearly being leached the
most. The susceptibility of the nutrients to leaching followed the order
K > Mg > Ca > Mn > P. The fertiliser treatments also increased the leaching
of nitrate and ammonium. The amount of leached nutrients was relatively
the highest from the PK treatment, but in absolute terms the highest from
the largest dose of wood ash. According to the peat analyses, the concentrations
of most of the nutrients had increased only in the surface layer of the
peat (0 - 5 cm). In contrast, the K concentrations had increased throughout
the whole profile (0 - 20 cm). The application of large amounts of ash
fertiliser should be avoided in order to minimise nutrient leaching losses.
Although the fertilisers used in this experiment have been or are being
replaced by new types of fertiliser, the results of this study can be used
to facilitate the interpretation of the results of field experiments in
which these fertilisers have been used..
key words: peat core, percolation water, nutrient loss, phosphorus,
potassium
Klaus Silfverberg, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box
18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland
(e-mail klaus.silfverberg@metla.fi)
Before large-scale drainage, the outflowing water
from forests was naturally filtered through peatlands. The even topography,
dense moss cover and the favourable physical, chemical and biological properties
of surface peat facilitate versatile buffering functions in these systems.
In addition to retaining suspended solids, peatlands may act as traps for
nutrients or harmful metals.
key words: nutrient load, peatland drainage, restoration, water
pollution
Tapani Sallantaus, Pirkanmaa Regional Environment Centre, P.O.Box
297, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
(e-mail tapani.sallantaus@vyh.fi)
Hytönen, J.: Puutuhkasta ja muista jäteaineista
valmistetut pelletit rauduskoivun taimien ravinnelähteenä (Summary:
Pellets made of wood ash and other wastes as nutrient sources for
silver birch seedlings). Suo 49(2): 49-63.
No. 3
Saarinen, M., Silver, T & Joensuu, S.: Ojien
mitoitus kunnostusojituksessa. Kirjallisuustarkastelu (Summary: Ditch dimensioning
in ditch-network-maintenance areas. A literature review). Suo 49(3): 75-85.
Timo Silver, Lounais-Suomi Forestry Centre, Kuralankatu 2, FIN-20540
Turku, Finland
Samuli Joensuu, Forestry Development Centre, Soidinkuja 4, FIN-00700
Helsinki, Finland
Hytönen, L.A. & Aarnio, J.:
Kunnostusojituksen erilliskannattavuus muutamilla karuhkoilla rämeillä.
(Summary: Profitability of ditch-network maintenance on some oligotrophic
pine mires.) Suo 49(3): 87-99.
Jukka Aarnio, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Helsinki Research
Centre, Unioninkatu 40 A, FIN-00170 Helsinki, Finland
Lauhanen, R., Piiroinen, M.-L., Penttilä,
T. & Kolehmainen, E.: Kunnostusojitustarpeen arviointi Pohjois-Suomessa.
(Summary: Evaluation of the need for ditch network maintenance in northern
Finland). Suo 49(3): 101-112.
Marja-Leena Piiroinen, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos
Research Station, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Timo Penttilä, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Rovaniemi
Research Station, FIN-96100 Rovaniemi, Finland
Eero Kolehmainen, Hopeatie 10 C 51, FIN-00440 Helsinki, Finland
No. 4
Silfverberg, K: The leaching of nutrients
from ash- and PK-fertilised peat: (Tiivistelmä: Ravinteiden huuhtoutuminen
tuhka- ja PK-lannoitetusta turpeesta). Suo 49(4): 115-123.
Sallantaus, T., Vasander, H. & Laine,
J: Metsätalouden vesistöhaittojen torjuminen ojitetuista soista
muodostettujen puskurivyöhykkeiden avulla. (Summary: Prevention of
detrimental impacts of forestry operations on water bodies using buffer
zones created from drained peatlands). Suo 49(4): 125-133.
Major part of these buffering systems have been lost as a result of
forestry drainage. Restoring drained peatlands, being potentially well
suited to act as a buffer zone between forestry land and a watercourse,
is the major reason for rewetting outside nature reserves. Potentially
each drainage area should include a restored part through which waters
both from the drainage area itself and from the surrounding upland forest
catchment would be filtered.
Preliminary results from three experimental catchments show that buffer
zones restored from drained peatlands may be succesfully used in decreasing
the detrimental impacts forestry operations may have on adjacent water
courses. Long-term monitoring is, however, required for the quantitative
assessment of the buffer efficiency.
Harri Vasander & Jukka Laine, Department of Forest Ecology,
P.O.Box 24. FIN-00014 Helsinki University, Finland